Exceptions

Table of Contents

PHP has an exception model similar to that of other programming languages. An exception can be thrown, and caught ("catched") within PHP. Code may be surrounded in a try block, to facilitate the catching of potential exceptions. Each try must have at least one corresponding catch or finally block.

If an exception is thrown and its current function scope has no catch block, the exception will "bubble up" the call stack to the calling function until it finds a matching catch block. All finally blocks it encounters along the way will be executed. If the call stack is unwound all the way to the global scope without encountering a matching catch block, the program will terminate with a fatal error unless a global exception handler has been set.

The thrown object must be an instanceof Throwable. Trying to throw an object that is not will result in a PHP Fatal Error.

As of PHP 8.0.0, the throw keyword is an expression and may be used in any expression context. In prior versions it was a statement and was required to be on its own line.

catch

A catch block defines how to respond to a thrown exception. A catch block defines one or more types of exception or error it can handle, and optionally a variable to which to assign the exception. (The variable was required prior to PHP 8.0.0.) The first catch block a thrown exception or error encounters that matches the type of the thrown object will handle the object.

Multiple catch blocks can be used to catch different classes of exceptions. Normal execution (when no exception is thrown within the try block) will continue after that last catch block defined in sequence. Exceptions can be thrown (or re-thrown) within a catch block. If not, execution will continue after the catch block that was triggered.

When an exception is thrown, code following the statement will not be executed, and PHP will attempt to find the first matching catch block. If an exception is not caught, a PHP Fatal Error will be issued with an "Uncaught Exception ..." message, unless a handler has been defined with set_exception_handler().

As of PHP 7.1.0, a catch block may specify multiple exceptions using the pipe (|) character. This is useful for when different exceptions from different class hierarchies are handled the same.

As of PHP 8.0.0, the variable name for a caught exception is optional. If not specified, the catch block will still execute but will not have access to the thrown object.

finally

A finally block may also be specified after or instead of catch blocks. Code within the finally block will always be executed after the try and catch blocks, regardless of whether an exception has been thrown, and before normal execution resumes.

One notable interaction is between the finally block and a return statement. If a return statement is encountered inside either the try or the catch blocks, the finally block will still be executed. Moreover, the return statement is evaluated when encountered, but the result will be returned after the finally block is executed. Additionally, if the finally block also contains a return statement, the value from the finally block is returned.

Global exception handler

If an exception is allowed to bubble up to the global scope, it may be caught by a global exception handler if set. The set_exception_handler() function can set a function that will be called in place of a catch block if no other block is invoked. The effect is essentially the same as if the entire program were wrapped in a try-catch block with that function as the catch.

Notes

Note:

Internal PHP functions mainly use Error reporting, only modern Object-oriented extensions use exceptions. However, errors can be easily translated to exceptions with ErrorException. This technique only works with non-fatal errors, however.

Example #1 Converting error reporting to exceptions

<?php
function exceptions_error_handler($severity, $message, $filename, $lineno) {
throw new
ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $filename, $lineno);
}

set_error_handler('exceptions_error_handler');
?>

Tip

The Standard PHP Library (SPL) provides a good number of built-in exceptions.

Examples

Example #2 Throwing an Exception

<?php
function inverse($x) {
if (!
$x) {
throw new
Exception('Division by zero.');
}
return
1/$x;
}

try {
echo
inverse(5) . "\n";
echo
inverse(0) . "\n";
} catch (
Exception $e) {
echo
'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n";
}

// Continue execution
echo "Hello World\n";
?>

The above example will output:

0.2
Caught exception: Division by zero.
Hello World

Example #3 Exception handling with a finally block

<?php
function inverse($x) {
if (!
$x) {
throw new
Exception('Division by zero.');
}
return
1/$x;
}

try {
echo
inverse(5) . "\n";
} catch (
Exception $e) {
echo
'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n";
} finally {
echo
"First finally.\n";
}

try {
echo
inverse(0) . "\n";
} catch (
Exception $e) {
echo
'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n";
} finally {
echo
"Second finally.\n";
}

// Continue execution
echo "Hello World\n";
?>

The above example will output:

0.2
First finally.
Caught exception: Division by zero.
Second finally.
Hello World

Example #4 Interaction between the finally block and return

<?php

function test() {
try {
throw new
Exception('foo');
} catch (
Exception $e) {
return
'catch';
} finally {
return
'finally';
}
}

echo
test();
?>

The above example will output:

finally

Example #5 Nested Exception

<?php

class MyException extends Exception { }

class
Test {
public function
testing() {
try {
try {
throw new
MyException('foo!');
} catch (
MyException $e) {
// rethrow it
throw $e;
}
} catch (
Exception $e) {
var_dump($e->getMessage());
}
}
}

$foo = new Test;
$foo->testing();

?>

The above example will output:

string(4) "foo!"

Example #6 Multi catch exception handling

<?php

class MyException extends Exception { }

class
MyOtherException extends Exception { }

class
Test {
public function
testing() {
try {
throw new
MyException();
} catch (
MyException | MyOtherException $e) {
var_dump(get_class($e));
}
}
}

$foo = new Test;
$foo->testing();

?>

The above example will output:

string(11) "MyException"

Example #7 Omitting the caught variable

Only permitted in PHP 8.0.0 and later.

<?php

class SpecificException extends Exception {}

function
test() {
throw new
SpecificException('Oopsie');
}

try {
test();
} catch (
SpecificException) {
print
"A SpecificException was thrown, but we don't care about the details.";
}
?>

Example #8 Throw as an expression

Only permitted in PHP 8.0.0 and later.

<?php

function test() {
do_something_risky() or throw new Exception('It did not work');
}

try {
test();
} catch (
Exception $e) {
print
$e->getMessage();
}
?>
add a note

User Contributed Notes 20 notes

up
23
Johan
12 years ago
Custom error handling on entire pages can avoid half rendered pages for the users:

<?php
ob_start
();
try {
   
/*contains all page logic
    and throws error if needed*/
   
...
} catch (
Exception $e) {
 
ob_end_clean();
 
displayErrorPage($e->getMessage());
}
?>
up
9
michael dot ochs at gmx dot net
16 years ago
Actually it isn't possible to do:
<?php
someFunction
() OR throw new Exception();
?>

This leads to a T_THROW Syntax Error. If you want to use this kind of exceptions, you can do the following:

<?php
function throwException($message = null,$code = null) {
    throw new
Exception($message,$code);
}

someFunction() OR throwException();
?>
up
4
sander at rotorsolutions dot nl
10 years ago
Just an example why finally blocks are usefull (5.5)

<?php

//without catch
function example() {
  try {
   
//do something that throws an exeption
 
}
  finally {
   
//this code will be executed even when the exception is executed
 
}
}

function
example2() {
  try {
    
//open sql connection check user as example
    
if(condition) {
        return
false;
     }
  }
  finally {
   
//close the sql connection, this will be executed even if the return is called.
 
}
}

?>
up
5
ask at nilpo dot com
14 years ago
If you intend on creating a lot of custom exceptions, you may find this code useful.  I've created an interface and an abstract exception class that ensures that all parts of the built-in Exception class are preserved in child classes.  It also properly pushes all information back to the parent constructor ensuring that nothing is lost.  This allows you to quickly create new exceptions on the fly.  It also overrides the default __toString method with a more thorough one.

<?php
interface IException
{
   
/* Protected methods inherited from Exception class */
   
public function getMessage();                 // Exception message
   
public function getCode();                    // User-defined Exception code
   
public function getFile();                    // Source filename
   
public function getLine();                    // Source line
   
public function getTrace();                   // An array of the backtrace()
   
public function getTraceAsString();           // Formated string of trace
   
    /* Overrideable methods inherited from Exception class */
   
public function __toString();                 // formated string for display
   
public function __construct($message = null, $code = 0);
}

abstract class
CustomException extends Exception implements IException
{
    protected
$message = 'Unknown exception';     // Exception message
   
private   $string;                            // Unknown
   
protected $code    = 0;                       // User-defined exception code
   
protected $file;                              // Source filename of exception
   
protected $line;                              // Source line of exception
   
private   $trace;                             // Unknown

   
public function __construct($message = null, $code = 0)
    {
        if (!
$message) {
            throw new
$this('Unknown '. get_class($this));
        }
       
parent::__construct($message, $code);
    }
   
    public function
__toString()
    {
        return
get_class($this) . " '{$this->message}' in {$this->file}({$this->line})\n"
                               
. "{$this->getTraceAsString()}";
    }
}
?>

Now you can create new exceptions in one line:

<?php
class TestException extends CustomException {}
?>

Here's a test that shows that all information is properly preserved throughout the backtrace.

<?php
function exceptionTest()
{
    try {
        throw new
TestException();
    }
    catch (
TestException $e) {
        echo
"Caught TestException ('{$e->getMessage()}')\n{$e}\n";
    }
    catch (
Exception $e) {
        echo
"Caught Exception ('{$e->getMessage()}')\n{$e}\n";
    }
}

echo
'<pre>' . exceptionTest() . '</pre>';
?>

Here's a sample output:

Caught TestException ('Unknown TestException')
TestException 'Unknown TestException' in C:\xampp\htdocs\CustomException\CustomException.php(31)
#0 C:\xampp\htdocs\CustomException\ExceptionTest.php(19): CustomException->__construct()
#1 C:\xampp\htdocs\CustomException\ExceptionTest.php(43): exceptionTest()
#2 {main}
up
3
alex dowgailenko [at] g mail . com
12 years ago
If you use the set_error_handler() to throw exceptions of errors, you may encounter issues with __autoload() functionality saying that your class doesn't exist and that's it.

If you do this:

<?php

class MyException extends Exception
{
}

class
Tester
{
    public function
foobar()
    {
        try
        {
           
$this->helloWorld();
        } catch (
MyException $e) {
            throw new
Exception('Problem in foobar',0,$e);
        }
    }
   
    protected function
helloWorld()
    {
        throw new
MyException('Problem in helloWorld()');
    }
}

$tester = new Tester;
try
{
   
$tester->foobar();
} catch (
Exception $e) {
    echo
$e->getTraceAsString();
}
?>

The trace will only show $tester->foobar() and not the call made to $tester->helloWorld().

In other words, if you pass a previous exception to a new one, the previous exception's stack trace is taken into account in the new exception.
up
3
Shot (Piotr Szotkowski)
15 years ago
‘Normal execution (when no exception is thrown within the try block, *or when a catch matching the thrown exception’s class is not present*) will continue after that last catch block defined in sequence.’

‘If an exception is not caught, a PHP Fatal Error will be issued with an “Uncaught Exception …” message, unless a handler has been defined with set_exception_handler().’

These two sentences seem a bit contradicting about what happens ‘when a catch matching the thrown exception’s class is not present’ (and the second sentence is actually correct).
up
1
jon at hackcraft dot net
17 years ago
Further to dexen at google dot me dot up with "use destructors to perform a cleanup in case of exception". The fact that PHP5 has destructors, exception handling, and predictable garbage collection (if there's a single reference in scope and the scope is left then the destructor is called immediately) allows for the use of the RAII idiom.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization and my own http://www.hackcraft.net/RAII/ describe this.
up
1
Edu
10 years ago
The "finally" block can change the exception that has been throw by the catch block.

<?php
try{
        try {
                throw new
\Exception("Hello");
        } catch(
\Exception $e) {
                echo
$e->getMessage()." catch in\n";
                throw
$e;
        } finally {
                echo
$e->getMessage()." finally \n";
                throw new
\Exception("Bye");
        }
} catch (
\Exception $e) {
        echo
$e->getMessage()." catch out\n";
}
?>

The output is:

Hello catch in
Hello finally
Bye catch out
up
1
Sawsan
12 years ago
the following is an example of a re-thrown exception and the using of getPrevious function:

<?php

$name
= "Name";

//check if the name contains only letters, and does not contain the word name

try
   {
   try
     {
      if (
preg_match('/[^a-z]/i', $name))
       {
           throw new
Exception("$name contains character other than a-z A-Z");
       }  
       if(
strpos(strtolower($name), 'name') !== FALSE)
       {
          throw new
Exception("$name contains the word name");
       }
       echo
"The Name is valid";
     }
   catch(
Exception $e)
     {
     throw new
Exception("insert name again",0,$e);
     }
   }

catch (
Exception $e)
   {
   if (
$e->getPrevious())
   {
    echo
"The Previous Exception is: ".$e->getPrevious()->getMessage()."<br/>";
   }
   echo
"The Exception is: ".$e->getMessage()."<br/>";
   }

?>
up
1
zmunoz at gmail dot com
13 years ago
When catching an exception inside a namespace it is important that you escape to the global space:

<?php
namespace SomeNamespace;

class
SomeClass {

  function
SomeFunction() {
   try {
    throw new
Exception('Some Error Message');
   } catch (
\Exception $e) {
   
var_dump($e->getMessage());
   }
  }

}
?>
up
1
jazfresh at hotmail.com
17 years ago
Sometimes you want a single catch() to catch multiple types of Exception. In a language like Python, you can specify multiple types in a catch(), but in PHP you can only specify one. This can be annoying when you want handle many different Exceptions with the same catch() block.

However, you can replicate the functionality somewhat, because catch(<classname> $var) will match the given <classname> *or any of it's sub-classes*.

For example:

<?php
class DisplayException extends Exception {};
class
FileException extends Exception {};
class
AccessControl extends FileException {}; // Sub-class of FileException
class IOError extends FileException {}; // Sub-class of FileException

try {
  if(!
is_readable($somefile))
     throw new
IOError("File is not readable!");
  if(!
user_has_access_to_file($someuser, $somefile))
     throw new
AccessControl("Permission denied!");
  if(!
display_file($somefile))
     throw new
DisplayException("Couldn't display file!");

} catch (
FileException $e) {
 
// This block will catch FileException, AccessControl or IOError exceptions, but not Exceptions or DisplayExceptions.
 
echo "File error: ".$e->getMessage();
  exit(
1);
}
?>

Corollary: If you want to catch *any* exception, no matter what the type, just use "catch(Exception $var)", because all exceptions are sub-classes of the built-in Exception.
up
0
jim at anderos dot com
10 years ago
If you are using a namespace, you must indicate the global namespace when using Exceptions.
<?php
namespace alpha;
function
foo(){
    throw new
\Exception("Something is wrong!");
   
// throw new Exception(""); will fail
}

try {
   
foo();
} catch(
\Exception $e ) {
   
// catch( Exception $e ) will give no warning, but will not catch Exception
   
echo "ERROR: $e";
}

?>
up
0
sander at rotorsolutions dot nl
10 years ago
Just an example why finally blocks are usefull (5.5)

<?php

//without catch
function example() {
  try {
   
//do something that throws an exeption
 
}
  finally {
   
//this code will be executed even when the exception is executed
 
}
}

function
example2() {
  try {
    
//open sql connection check user as example
    
if(condition) {
        return
false;
     }
  }
  finally {
   
//close the sql connection, this will be executed even if the return is called.
 
}
}
up
0
sander at rotorsolutions dot nl
10 years ago
Just an example why finally blocks are usefull (5.5)

<?php

//without catch
function example() {
  try {
   
//do something that throws an exeption
 
}
  finally {
   
//this code will be executed even when the exception is executed
 
}
}

function
example2() {
  try {
    
//open sql connection check user as example
    
if(condition) {
        return
false;
     }
  }
  finally {
   
//close the sql connection, this will be executed even if the return is called.
 
}
}

?>
up
-1
cyrus+php at boadway dot ca
10 years ago
There's some inconsistent behaviour associated with PHP 5.5.3's finally and return statements. If a method returns a variable in a try block (e.g. return $foo;), and finally modifies that variable, the /modified/ value is returned. However, if the try block has a return that has to be evaluated in-line (e.g. return $foo+0;), finally's changes to $foo will /not/ affect the return value.

[code]
function returnVariable(){
    $foo = 1;
    try{
        return $foo;
    } finally {
        $foo++;
    }
}

function returnVariablePlusZero(){
    $foo = 1;
    try{
        return $foo + 0;
    } finally {
        $foo++;
    }
}

$test1 = returnVariable(); // returns 2, not the correct value of 1.
$test2 = returnVariablePlusZero(); // returns correct value of 1, but inconsistent with $test1.
[/code]

It looks like it's trying to be efficient by not allocating additional memory for the return value when it thinks it doesn't have to, but the spec is that finally is run after try is completed execution, and that includes the evaluation of the return expression.

One could argue (weakly) that the first method should be the correct result, but at least the two methods should be consistent.
up
0
chugadie dot geo at yahoo dot com
16 years ago
@webmaster at asylum-et dot com

What Mo is describing is bug 44053 (http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=44053) in which exceptions cannot be caught if you are using a custom error handler to catch warnings, notices, etc.
up
0
omnibus at omnibus dot edu dot pl
16 years ago
Just to be more precise in what Frank found:
Catch the exceptions always in order from the bottom to the top of the Exception and subclasses class hierarchy. If you have class MyException extending Exception and class My2Exception extending MyException always catch My2Exception before MyException.

Hope this helps
up
0
hartym dot dont dot like dot spam at gmail dot com
16 years ago
@serenity: of course you need to throw exception within the try block, catch will not watch fatal errors, nor less important errors but only exceptions that are instanceof the exception type you're giving. Of course by within the try block, i mean within every functions call happening in try block.

For example, to nicely handle old mysql errors, you can do something like this:

<?php
try
{
 
$connection = mysql_connect(...);
  if (
$connection === false)
  {
    throw new
Exception('Cannot connect do mysql');
  }

  
/* ... do whatever you need with database, that may mail and throw exceptions too ... */

  
mysql_close($connection);
}
catch (
Exception $e)
{
  
/* ... add logging stuff there if you need ... */

 
echo "This page cannot be displayed";
}

?>

By doing so, you're aiming at the don't repeat yourself (D.R.Y) concept, by managing error handling at only one place for the whole.
up
0
fjoggen at gmail dot com
17 years ago
This code will turn php errors into exceptions:

<?php
function exceptions_error_handler($severity, $message, $filename, $lineno) {
    throw new
ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $filename, $lineno);
}

set_error_handler('exceptions_error_handler');
?>

However since <?php set_error_handler()?> doesn't work with fatal errors, you will not be able to throw them as Exceptions.
up
-3
mike at clove dot com
13 years ago
The PHP documentation has gone from very useful to hideously obstructive.

The people who are rearranging the doc into little, tiny chunks which are hyperlinked all over the place obviously never write code.

I just spent 10 minutes trying to find the name of an IO Exception so I can use it in some code I'm writing.

Old Doc: I would go to the index, click on Exceptions and then scroll down the page (or do a find on IO) and there it would be. 10 seconds tops.

New Doc: Go to the index click on Predefined Exceptions
Click on Exception - find description of Exception Object - info not there
Back Button
Click on Error Exception - find description of Generic ErrorExeption object
Back Button
Click on SPL Exceptions (what the hell is this? - something new?)
Look at Table of contents: 13 Exception Categories - none of which
  looks like an IOException
Click on Predefined Exceptions in the See Also -
   Back to Previous Useless Page

First You completely screw up the Perl Regular Expression page by chopping it into tiny, obscure chunks and now you destroy the exception documentation.

PLEASE put it back the way it was.

Or get somebody who actually uses this stuff like a handbook while writing code to fix it

Or shoot somebody.

Incredibly frustrated and thinking of rewriting everything in Python,
Mike Howard <mike at clove dot com>
To Top